Bioactive Food Components in Herbs and Spices

Allspice

Eugenol

Basil

Eugenol, apigenin, limonene, ursolic acid, methyl cinnamate, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, anthocyanins, β-sitosterol, carvacrol, cintronellol, farnesol, geraniol, kaempherol, menthol, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, safrole, tannin, catechin,

Cardamom

Limonene, caffeic acid

Caraway

Carvone, limonene, α-pinene, kaempferol

Cinnamon

Cinnamic aldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, eugenol

Cloves

Eugenol, isoeugenol, gallic acid

Coriander

Quercetin, caffeic acid, cineole, geraniol, borneol, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, β-carotene, β-pinene, β-sitosterol, cinnamic acid, ferrulic acid, γ-terpinene, kaempferol, limonene, myrcene, p-coumaric acid, p-cymene, quercetin, rutin, vanillic acid

Cumin

α-pinene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, cuminaldehyde, carvone, 1,8-cineole, β-carotene, β-sitosterol, caffeic acid, carvacrol, carvaol, geranial, kaempferol, limonene, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, tannin, thymol

Dill

Carvone, limonene, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, catechin

Fennel

α-pinene, β-carotene, limonene, quercetin, benzoic acid, β-sitosterol, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, kaempferol, myristicin, 1,8-cineole, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rutin, vanillic acid, vanillin

Garlic

Allicin, diallyl disulfide, allyl isothiocyanate

Ginger

Zingiberone, zingiberene, ingerol, paradol, curcumin, shagoal

Lemongrass

Farnesol, geraniol

Licorice

Glycyrrhizin

Marjoram

Eugenol, limonene, ursolic acid, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, α-terpinene, carvacrol, farnesol, geraniol, p-cymene, rosmarinic acid, sterols, thymol, apigenin

Mustard

Allyl isothiocyanate, β-carotene

Nutmeg

Caffeic acid, catechin

Onion

Quercetin, dipropyl disulfides

Oregano

Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, carvacrol, thymol

Paprika

α-tocopherol, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, lutein, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, Vitamin E

Parsley

Apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, caffeic acid

Pepper, Black

Piperidine, piperine, limonene, α-pinene, β- pinene

Pepper, Red (also known as chili or cayenne pepper)

Capsaicin, α-tocopherol, lutein, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, Vitamin E

Peppermint

Limonene, menthol, eriodictyol, hesperitin, apigenin, luteolin

Rosemary

Carnasol, carnosic acid, cineole, geraniol, α-pinene, β-carotene, apigenin, limonene, naringin, luteolin, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, vanillic acid

Saffron

Crocetin, crocin, β-carotene, safranal, all trans retinoic acid

Sage

α-pinene, β-sitosterol, citral, farnesol, ferulic acid, gallic acid, geraniol, limonene, cineole, perillyl alcohol, β-carotene, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, saponin, ursolic acid, rosemarinic acid, carnosic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, thymol, eugenol

Tarragon

Luteolin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, caffeic acid

Tea, Green

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-) – (+)-catechin, theophylline, gallic acid, theanine

Thyme

Thymol, carvacrol, cineole, α-pinene; apigenin, β-carotene, eugenol, limonene, ursolic acid, luteolin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, hispidulin, cismaritin

Turmeric

Curcumin, curcuminoids